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Music Perception

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Musical Imagery and the Planning of Dynamics and Articulation During Performance
Laura Bishop, Freya Bailes, Roger T. Dean
Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 31 No. 2, December 2012; (pp. 97-117) DOI: 10.1525/mp.2013.31.2.97
Laura Bishop
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (OFAI), Vienna, Austria
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Freya Bailes
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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Roger T. Dean
University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia
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Abstract

Musicians anticipate the effects of their actions during performance. Online musical imagery, or the consciously accessible anticipation of desired effects, may enable expressive performance when auditory feedback is disrupted and help guide performance when it is present. This study tested the hypotheses that imagery 1) can occur concurrently with normal performance, 2) is strongest when auditory feedback is absent but motor feedback is present, and 3) improves with increasing musical expertise. Auditory and motor feedback conditions were manipulated as pianists performed melodies expressively from notation. Dynamic and articulation markings were introduced into the score during performance and pianists indicated verbally whether the markings matched their expressive intentions while continuing to play their own interpretation. Expression was similar under auditory-motor (i.e., normal feedback) and motor-only (i.e., no auditory feedback) performance conditions, and verbal task performance suggested that imagery was stronger when auditory feedback was absent. Verbal task performance also improved with increasing expertise, suggesting a strengthening of online imagery.

  • musical imagery
  • sensory feedback
  • expression
  • planning
  • musical expertise
  • Received December 21, 2011.
  • Accepted February 28, 2012.
  • © 2013 by The Regents of the University of California

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Vol. 31 No. 2, December 2012

Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal: 31 (2)
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Musical Imagery and the Planning of Dynamics and Articulation During Performance
Laura Bishop, Freya Bailes, Roger T. Dean
Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 31 No. 2, December 2012; (pp. 97-117) DOI: 10.1525/mp.2013.31.2.97
Laura Bishop
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (OFAI), Vienna, Austria
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Freya Bailes
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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Roger T. Dean
University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia
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Musical Imagery and the Planning of Dynamics and Articulation During Performance
Laura Bishop, Freya Bailes, Roger T. Dean
Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 31 No. 2, December 2012; (pp. 97-117) DOI: 10.1525/mp.2013.31.2.97
Laura Bishop
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (OFAI), Vienna, Austria
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
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  • View author's works on this site
Freya Bailes
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
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  • View author's works on this site
Roger T. Dean
University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia
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  • View author's works on this site
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